The Ultimate Need Help Writing Term Paper Trick

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Biological Determinism Definition and Examples

Biological determinism is the idea that an individual’s characteristics and behavior are dictated by some aspect of biology, like genes. Biological determinists believe environmental factors have no influence on a person. According to biological determinists, social categories like gender, race, sexuality, and disability are based on biology and this justifies the oppression and control of specific groups of people. This perspective implies that an individuals path in life is determined from birth, and therefore, that we lack free will. Key Takeaways: Biological Determinism Biological determinism is the idea that biological attributes, such as one’s genes, dictate one’s destiny, and environmental, social, and cultural factors play no role in shaping an individual.Biological determinism has been used to uphold white supremacy and justify racial, gender, and sexual discrimination as well as other biases against various groups of people.Although the theory has been scientifically discredited, the idea that differences between people are based in biology still persists in various forms. Biological Determinism Definition Biological determinism (also referred to as biologism, biodeterminism, or genetic determinism) is the theory that an individuals characteristics and behavior are determined exclusively by biological factors. In addition, environmental, social, and cultural factors do not play a role in shaping an individual, according to the theory. Biological determinism implies that the divergent circumstances of various groups in society, including those from different races, classes, genders, and sexual orientations, are inborn and predetermined by biology. As a result, biological determinism has been used to justify white supremacy, gender discrimination, and other biases against groups of people. Today, the theory has been scientifically discredited. In his 1981 book refuting biological determinism, The Mismeasure of Man, evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould asserted that the researchers who found evidence for biological determinism were most likely influenced by their own biases. Yet, biological determinism still rears its head in current debates about hot button issues like racial categorization, sexual orientation, gender equality, and immigration. And many scholars continue to uphold biological determinism to advance ideas about intelligence, human aggression, and racial, ethnic, and gender differences. History The roots of biological determinism stretch back to ancient times. In Politics, Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) claimed that the distinction between rulers and the ruled is evident at birth. It wasn’t until the eighteenth century, however, that biological determinism became more prominent, especially among those who wished to justify unequal treatment of different racial groups. The first to divide and categorize the human race was Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus in 1735, and many others soon followed the trend. At the time, assertions of biological determinism were mainly based on ideas about heredity. However, the tools needed to directly study heredity were not yet available, so physical features, like facial angle and cranium ratio, were instead associated with various internal traits. For example, in the 1839 study Crania Americana, Samuel Morton studied over 800 skulls in an attempt to prove the natural superiority of Caucasians over other races. This research, which sought to establish racial hierarchy in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, has since been debunked. However, some scientific findings continued to be manipulated to support assertions about racial differences, such as Charles Darwins ideas about natural selection. While Darwin did at one point reference â€Å"civilized† and â€Å"savage† races in On the Origin of Species, it was not a major part of his argument that natural selection led to the differentiation of humans from other animals. Yet, his ideas were used as the basis for social Darwinism, which argued that natural selection was taking place among the different human races, and that â€Å"survival of the fittest† justified racial segregation and white superiority. Such thinking was used to support racist policies, which were viewed as a simple extension of natural law. By the beginning of the twentieth century, biological determinism reduced any traits that were undesirable to faulty genes. These included both physical conditions, such as cleft palate and clubfoot, as well as socially unacceptable behaviors and psychological issues, like criminality, intellectual disability, and bipolar disorder. Eugenics No overview of biological determinism would be complete without discussing one of its most well-known movements: eugenics. Francis Galton, a British naturalist, originated the term in 1883. Like the social Darwinists, his ideas were influenced by the theory of natural selection. Yet, while social Darwinists were willing to wait for survival of the fittest to do its work, eugenicists wanted to push the process along. For example, Galton championed planned breeding among desirable races and preventing breeding among less desirable races. Eugenicists believed that the spread of genetic defects, especially intellectual disabilities, was responsible for all social ills. In the 1920s and 1930s, the movement used IQ tests to sort people into intellectual categories, with those scoring even slightly below average being labeled genetically disabled. Eugenics was so successful that, in the 1920s, American states began to adopt sterilization laws. Eventually, more than half of the states had a sterilization law on the books. These laws mandated that people who were pronounced genetically unfit in institutions must be subjected to mandatory sterilization. By the 1970s, thousands of American citizens had been involuntarily sterilized. Those in other countries were subjected to similar treatment. Heritability of IQ While eugenics is now criticized on moral and ethical grounds, the interest in creating a link between intelligence and biological determinism persists. For example, in 2013, the genomes of highly intelligent individuals were being studied in China as a means to determine the genetic basis for intelligence. The idea behind the study was that intelligence must be inherited and, therefore, established at birth. Yet, no scientific studies have shown that specific genes result in a specific degree of intelligence. In fact, when a relationship between genes and IQ has been demonstrated, the effect is limited to just an IQ point or two. On the other hand, one’s environment, including educational quality, has been shown to influence IQ by 10 or more points. Gender Biological determinism has also been applied to ideas about sex and gender, particularly as a way to deny specific rights to women. For instance, in 1889, Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thompson claimed that metabolic state was the source of various traits in men and women. Women were said to conserve energy, while men expend energy. As a result, women are passive, conservative, and lack interest in politics, whereas men are the opposite. These biological â€Å"facts† were used to prevent the extension of political rights to women. Sources Allen, Garland Edward. â€Å"Biological Determinism† Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 October 2013. https://www.britannica.com/topic/biological-determinismBurke, Meghan A., and David G. Embrick. â€Å"Determinism, Biological.† International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Encyclopedia.com. 2008. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/biology-general/biological-determinismGould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man, Revised and Expanded. W. W. Norton Company, 2012.Horgan, J. â€Å"Defending Stephen Jay Gould’s Crusade Against Biological Determinism.† Scientific American. 2011 June 24. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/defending-stephen-jay-goulds-crusade-against-biological-determinism/#googDisableSyncMikkola, Mari. â€Å"Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender.† The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entryfeminism-genderSloan, Kathleen . â€Å"The Fallacy of Intelligence and Genetic Determinism.† The Center for Bioethics and Culture. 2013 May 9. http://www.cbc-network.org/2013/05/the-fallacy-of-intelligence-and-genetic-determinism/

Essay about Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima - 1271 Words

Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima In Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima, the author uses Tony’s dreams as a way of displaying various symbols. Three symbols that are used often are weather, water, and the Golden Carp. Weather is used to represent conflict. Water represents cleansing, and rejuvenation. The Golden Carp symbolizes religion and Tony’s beliefs. Because dreams are not an exact mirror of reality, they become the perfect tool for introducing symbolism. The author uses the dream as a way to access the recurring themes of the book. Weather affects the lives of everyone. When the weather turns foul, it makes life more difficult. Stormy weather in Tony’s dreams represents the conflict in his life, and the lives of those around†¦show more content†¦His desire is to be washed clean from the haunting memories if Lupito’s death. Another reference to water is the waters of baptism. In Tony’s dream his parents argue about what water he was baptized in. Oh please tell me which is the water that runs through my veins. (Anaya120) The waters of baptism represent cleansing, but in the dream his parents argue over whether he was baptized with the holy water of the moon, or the salt water from the oceans. This represents his parent’s pulling him in two opposite directions. Later in this dream Ultima explains to both of Tony’s parents that in reality both of their waters are the same. This shows that Tony is rejuvenated by the idea that he dose not have to choose between one parent o r another, but can take the best of both of them. Because of the water Tony is able to live his life better. The final example of water being usedas a symbol is in one of Tony’s final dreams. He talks about his brother’s livers, They cried in such pain for release that I took their livers from the hook and cast them into the raging, muddy waters of the River of the Carp. Then they rested, and I rested. ( Anaya 235) This quote shows that because Antonio can not stop his brothers from their reckless wondering he instead casts their livers in to the river.Show MoreRelatedRudolfo Anayas Bless Me Ultima879 Words   |  4 PagesAntonio, from Bless Me, Ultima, lives stuck in a world of in-betweens, a world of borders. He must navigate this world and find his place within it, all while trying to please his parents. Tony’s surroundings and cultural background lead to this in between world and force him to pick a side before he has even began to grow up. In Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima, Antonio is constantly searching for answers about his future and the world around him; he finds these answers through his family, environmentRea d MoreRudolfo Anayas Bless Me Ultima1373 Words   |  6 Pages Bless Me, Ultima Rudolfo Anaya Topic #1 Stephanie Chevez Mr. Amoroso AP Literature Pd: 3 The ocean of life is a constant routine to not only reconcile with certain circumstances, but to learn, to understand, and to accept them. With every new obstacle we face, this process is repeated absentmindedly, but the way we choose to react and what we absorb from these events is what ultimately makes us grow. As humans, we tend to find a suitable comfort spaceRead MoreRudolfo A. Anayas Bless Me, Ultima Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundation from which children can grow, but they can provide only a certain amount of advice to help children deal with life’s basic issues; the rest is left for the child to find for themself. Such is the case in the final chapter of Bless Me, Ultima, a novel by Rudolfo Anaya. In this chapter Tony, the main character, recieves important insight and very wise advice from his elders. The story shadows Tony as he seeks understanding to his many questions, we follow his spiritual awakening, and followRead MoreAnalysis : Bless Me, Ultima 1636 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Carson and Rudolfo Anaya had very similar views on the environment which were translated in their writings, Silent Spring and Bless Me, Ultima respectively. The effect and response Rachel Carson wanted to create within the audience was better illustrated in Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima as they both hoped to evoke an empathetic and intersubjective relationship with nature. While Silent Spring was groundbreaking and effectively created a culture of environmental awareness, Carson objectifiedRead MoreBless Me, Ultima Literary Analysis714 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya Literary Analysis Throughout the context of â€Å"Bless Me Ultima,† it is evident that there are many motifs and examples of dichotomy. I believe that Anaya uses the previously mentioned elements of literature in order to provoke his readers’ thinking and help embody a struggle of understanding the world we live in. Motifs in this novel include: family, dreams, religion, education, and the list continues. For examples of dichotomy, the idea of good versus evil isRead MoreBless Me, Ultima Literary Analysis Essay714 Words   |  3 PagestSam Ennis Period #4 20 September 2012 â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya Literary Analysis Throughout the context of â€Å"Bless Me Ultima,† it is evident that there are many motifs and examples of dichotomy. I believe that Anaya uses the previously mentioned elements of literature in order to provoke his readers’ thinking and help embody a struggle of understanding the world we live in. Motifs in this novel include: family, dreams, religion, education, and the list continues. For examplesRead More A Comparison of Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street2154 Words   |  9 PagesExploring Syncretism in Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Syncretism is the fine line between Christianity and Native American Religions because it is the ambivalent, simultaneous attraction of choice and identification to the influences of two or more religious belief systems. Syncretism is most common among minority groups such as Hispanics. The definition applied to their unique position of culture is brought about by the Native American and Spanish ancestry. AmbivalenceRead More Comparing One Hundred Years of Solitude and Bless Me Ultima Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesMagic or Reality in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Bless Me Ultima  Ã‚     Ã‚   In the South American storytelling tradition it is said that humans are possessed of a hearing that goes beyond the ordinary. This special form is the soul’s way of paying attention and learning. The story makers or cantadoras of old spun tales of mystery and symbolism in order to wake the sleeping soul. They wished to cause it to prick up its ears and listen to the wisdom contained within the telling. These ancientRead MoreBless Me Ultima Analysis1203 Words   |  5 PagesMora and the novel, â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima†, by Rudolfo Anaya portray the curandera in different and similar ways. The literary works consist of common characteristics and qualities that the curanderos possess irrespective of the different genders. In both poems, the curanderos are knowledgeable. Besides, they have a close connection with nature, and the people from their towns respect them greatly. Bless Me, Ultima is Anaya’s first novel in which he describes the curandera, Ultima and the protagonistRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Bless Me Ultima855 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Bless Me Ultima, is a critically acclaimed novel of all time†(NEA); however, it is also one of the most banned books in American literature. People enjoy the book a lot, but there are also some people who want the book to be banned for good. For example, in 1992 Bless Me Ultima, was banned at Porterville high school for â€Å"many profane and obscene references, vulgar Spanish words, and glorifies witchcraft and death(banned library). Bless Me Ultima, is a story of a boy named Antonio who lives in a

Global Code Of Ethics For Tourism - 1067 Words

INTRODUCTION In 1957, an international organization for tourism knows as United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) was established by United Nations. UNWTO was originated from International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organization. UNWTO is an international organization and being the leading international organization in tourism it is responsible for the promotion and sustainable of travel and tourism all over the world. It has 157 countries and 6 territories and more than 500 Affiliate Members representing local government, tourism organization and private sector companies (airlines, hotel groups and tour operators). It also helps others in economic growth, including development and environmental sustainability and also offers leadership and support to the organization in tourism policies all over the world. It encourages all the organizations to implement Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. UNWTO SERVICES AFRICA †¢ UNWTO organized a â€Å"Tourism Investment and Business Forum† for Africa which was held on 21 January 2016 in Madrid, Spain. The Forum’s aim was to promote the development of sustainable tourism in Africa as well as to encourage exchanging on investment between countries and business opportunities within Africa. All the African tourism project leaders and international partners and investors were present in that forum. That Forum was opened to the participation of the Tourism ministers and public and private stakeholders in the African, Middle EastShow MoreRelatedCan Tourism Be Sustainable En the 21st Century1517 Words   |  7 PagesCAN TOURISM BE SUSTAINABLE IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY  ? Tourism industry is one of the largest industry of the world in the 21st century, before the oil industry and the automobile industry. It is a vital sector for a lot of countries as it generates jobs and wealth. Nevertheless, Tourism can also engender environmental, social, and cultural degradations as more and more people travel all around the world. There was roughly 935 million of tourists in 2010, and there will be 1.6 billion touristsRead MoreSustainable Tourism2314 Words   |  10 Pagesdefined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability in all form of tourism shall be discussed in this essay. 2.1 Sustainable Tourism Since World War II, tourism has developed fromRead MoreSustainable Development Is A Mission Of Governance And Private And Civil Society2058 Words   |  9 Pageslast decades tourism industry has been growing rapidly and number of travelers is increasing every day due to transportation improvement and economic growth. According to The World Tourism Organization , international tourist arrivals have grown from 250 million in 1950 to 1087 million in 2013 (UNWTO, 2014). Tourism benefits destinations by increasing the size of the domestic economy or increasing awareness of local environment (Bowen and Pallister, 2001). On the other hand, growing tourism demand couldRead MoreManagement and National Service Training1620 Words   |  7 Pages   | Taguig city univesity |    |    |    |    | Bachelor in science in computer science |    |    |    |    | Checklist |    |    |    | Name: |    | Student no. |    |    |    |    |    | Subject code | Subject description | Units | Grade | Instructor |    | Semester 1 |    |    |    | Eng 111 | Effective reading, writing and listening skills/study and thinking skills | 3 |    |    | Fil 111 | Sining ng pakikipagtalastasan | 3 |    |    | Math 111 | Basic math algebra | 3 |    |    | Com 111 | Basic computerRead MoreEthical Values And Behaviors Of An Organization941 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues shape behavior in organizations? According to Saleem (2014), ethical values and behaviors of an organization are made up of organizations institutionalized philosophies along with the moral ideologies of its members. In addition, the codes of ethics help to enhance the moral reasoning of employees while shaping their behaviors towards morally questioning unethical situations. Organizational leaders are encouraged to build cultures of trust with leadership who establish concerning goals employeesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Hospitality and Tourism Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween Hospitality and Tourism: Tourism and hospitality go hand in hand, the hospitality industry offer services like accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, recreation and leisure. Tourism is the activity by the tourists where they engage in travelling to destinations where they want to experience recreational and leisure activities and most of the time avails of accommodation, food and beverage. The hospitality industry is the supplier of the services for tourism. The meaning of hospitalityRead MoreIdentification Of Target Customers And An Analysis Of Their Attributes Essay2103 Words   |  9 PagesIdentification of target customers and an analysis of their attributes. Use the information in the Aboriginal Action Plan and the Aboriginal Tourism in NSW Fact sheet to assist you in documenting attributes. Australian department of tourism did a research in which they have found that many people are coming to experience Australian culture. People who want experience they always look for new and exciting place for experience. According to our unique researches we have found that people from severalRead MoreJan Narveson s Moral Matters1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of applied ethics. Narveson s unique, contractarian approach analyzes ideas as diverse as suicide, abortion, sexual ethics and affirmative action. Amongst the more contentious aspects of the thoughts expressed in the book is his view of global poverty. Narveson extends foundationalist, anarcho-capitalist approach to this issue; arguing that while charity is morally virtuous, there is no moral obligation on the part of the global rich or developed nation to alleviate the global poor from theirRead MoreI Am An Plan Of The Next Year During My Master Of Business Management Program1612 Words   |  7 Pages CPD 1102 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPEMENT AND ETHICS Individual Professional Development Plan Simranjit Singh Student Id 201500154 Date 28/7/15 Dr. Venkatesh Mahadnevan Summary: In this learning and creating system i am composing an plan of the next year during my Master of Business Management program. Most importantly i will expound on myself and after that future viewpoint about my profession. Those i need to exhibit that why this MBA program i chose for making vocation in the comparable bearing.Read MoreClimate Change: Corporate Social Responsibility2592 Words   |  11 PagesBP is a global oil and gas company, supplying its clients with fuel for transportation, power for heat and light, retail services and petrochemicals products for everyday items (BP.com website). They have approximately 79 700 employees, reach over 80 countries in 2010 and revenue of BP corporation in 2010 is 297,107 million dollars (BP annual report, 2010) and each share of BP costs about 41,92 dollar ( Nasdaq.com website, 2011). They are a one of leader international company in global oil and gas

Informative Speech Chocolate Essays - 1396 Words

Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about the production of chocolate Central Idea: Explain how cocoa beans are processed to produce the chocolate we all know and love Method of Organization: Chronological Visual Aid: Before my introduction and before class begins, I will have a chocolate collection for people to choose from as a snack. It will not be handed out during my speech so that it will not distract others. In addition, I do not want to put it at the end because it might distract away from the other presentations. Introduction I. (Gain attention and interest) Trick or Treat, is common phrase heard during Halloween but for†¦show more content†¦2. Once open, they have to remove the bean as well as the white pulpy mass that accompanies it. 3. Cocoa beans that have just been removed from the husk taste bitter and acid-like. B. With a white pulp and an acid taste, fermentation must now be put into affect to remove the pulp and mellow the acid taste. 1. Cocoa beans with they white pulp are put into a container, usually a wooden box. a. According to L. Russell Cook in Chocolate Production and Use, the temperature in the box results to over 110 degrees Fahrenheit. b. Cook then goes on to explain that a chain reaction then occurs. i. First, the white pulp ferments creating an alcohol and carbon dioxide mixture. ii. Afterwards, acetic acid forms from the alcohol. iii. Then the acetic acid turns the outer covering of the cocoa bean into shell. iv. In addition, the acetic acid mellows the acid taste to allow for the main flavor of the chocolate. 2. After the three days needed to ferment, the drying begins. a. Hot air blowers are used to control the climate in which the beans will be dried. b. The drying will make sure they will not rot before they get to their destination. C. The cocoa beans, which have lost half their weight from the beginning, are then packed and shipped in burlap sacks to be processed. II. Arriving at the factory, the majority of chocolate processes start. A. The first thing that needs to be done is fumigation and cleaning. 1. The burlapShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Crohn s Disease761 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Informative Speech (Crohn’s Disease) General Purpose: To inform the audience about what Crohn’s Disease Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Crohn’s Disease and give them a better understanding of what it is. Introduction I was a 14 year old freshman in high school when I started getting sick. I was always a pretty healthy kid who had perfect attendance records UNTIL that year. The extreme fatigue and weight-loss was the main sign to my mom that something was seriously wrong. AroundRead MoreInformative Speech-Caffeine Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesWhitley Edwards Professor Fox Speech 1010-006 18 Feb. 2013 Informative Speech-Caffeine Outline Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about what caffeine is, the effects of it, and the withdrawal symptoms. 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The ATA and its East Timor Solar Project-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the the Various Management Plans Kate Greenwood and her ATA fellow members will take to complete the project and the issues she faces during execution of the Management Plans. Answer: Introduction The primary objective of Village lighting Scheme (VLS) is to provide cost-effective, eco-friendly, viable solar powered lighting and electricity arrangement to East Timer villagers to raise their social and economic prosperity and increase productive activities (Gonalves, Ferreira Christiaans, 2017). The VLS consists of community engagement, local training, technology and maintenance fund. This report will highlight the detailed analysis of the project, the various management plans Kate Greenwood and her ATA fellow members will take to complete the project and the issues she faces during execution of the management plans. Project Description of the East Timor Solar Project The ATA, an Australian Non-Government and Not-for-profit Organisation starts the East Timor (ET) Solar Project and via this Solar Project the use of smoke and kerosene can be diminished. Household members including children will experience fewer health related issues due to limited usage of kerosene. The school children can be largely benefitted as they can now study at night. The household members including children and women can feel more secure due to advanced lighting at night and the augmented phone connectivity at the time of emergency (Liang Ku, 2014). The VLS project will definitely reduce the household expenses and thus the village dwellers can now spend their excess money for their livelihood. Project Management Plan in context of East Timor Solar Project Project execution plan in context of East Timor Solar project Local training to the technicians of the village: At first, the two technicians will be chosen from the village who are skilled in electronics and have the capability to install, monitor and repair solar systems. They will be trained by CNEFP. The CNEFP is the training partner of the ATA, they are a team of six members who will teach the technicians to install, maintain and repair solar power system (Liang Ku, 2014). The technicians will be paid by the village committee from the fund. ATA provides the materials for the technicians. Installing and maintenance cost: The villagers will have to pay AUD 10 for installing the solar system in their own house. They will also have to pay additional AUD 2 for the maintenance. The maintenance involves the purchase of spare parts and repair of the components of the installed solar system. ATA has a team of technicians who install the solar system, solves basic problems related to the installation of the solar system (Green et al., 2015). However, ATA also takes help from a CNEFP team who is capable of repairing and solving critical problems related to the solar system. If any household refuses to pay for the system, the committee has the power to remove the system. The whole fund is maintained by the village community. Have to complete the project within two consecutive dry seasons: The ATA team will have to install the system in two dry seasons and they have to exclude the wet season in between (Rosenberg, 2017). Therefore, they will have to make proper strategy and plan to complete the project within those two seasons. The project is assigned to be completed by Google Impact within two years: The Google Impact has granted $250,000 for funding the project, they have taken the initiative to introduce the Village lighting Scheme. They have taken the approach to training thirty village-based technicians. The execution of the plan sequentially: The ATA has planned to deliver their services to 12 villages and 3 districts and in sequence (Gusmedi Komalasari, 2014). They have planned to divide the village according to the geographic area and in this way, they will execute the plan. Making the whole project cost-effective: The ATA has planned to hire more and more materials and implement them, that will reduce the cost of the materials and at the same time the dwellers will the get the benefit of VLS (Rosenberg, 2017). Again, they will have to make sure, that transfer of materials must be made via one-time visit. Therefore, the ATA team will judge the local condition and geographic area well. The issues faced by the ATA team during execution of the plan Lack of community support: The language barrier is the matter of concern for the ATA. They have to develop a community for the successful implementation of the solar system (Sully, 2015). The local community of East Timor is not aware of the advantages of the solar system that can bring good in their life. Secondly, because of the language and culture barrier, they are not willing to adopt this new technology (Guruswamy et al., 2016). Kate and her fellow members will have to make them understand the usefulness of the project. The challenge to produce quality technicians: After making them understand the usefulness of the VLS project, the ATA team will have to develop a community out of those villagers and have to search for extremely talented and experienced one who can adopt the required technical knowledge from the CNEFP team (Hlsen, Koch Huth, 2016). Then Kate and her fellow members will have to conduct monthly meetings with the technicians to discuss the installation, monitoring and modification of the solar project. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that Kate Greenwood and her fellow ATA members have done a significant job in enlightening the lives of the East Timor villagers. The villagers can now get the electricity service whole day and night, for this reason, the villagers can increase the productive activities, the electricity enables the children to study at night, even it helps the local villagers to feel safe and secure at their home at night. Google Impact has decided the funding for the whole project. The villagers can enjoy the VLS service by only paying AUD 10 and AUD 2 per month for the maintenance. The ATA team has been planning to deliver the service more effectively. They are advancing day by day and it is hoped that they will come up with some innovative management plan in mere future. Recommendation Lighting up the latrine: The ATA team can take the initiative to lighten up the latrine. Implementation of VLS in local schools: To improve the literacy rate in Timor they can plan to provide the facility of VLS to local schools and assist the literacy support programs. Use of energy for the livelihoods improvement: The ATA team and the village dwellers can use the energy resources effectively to improve their livelihoods. References Gonalves, E., Ferreira, A. M., Christiaans, H. 2017, July. User-Oriented Method as a Way to Humanise the User-Energy Relationship in Public Lighting. InInternational Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics(pp. 106-118). Springer, Cham. Green, J., Perkins, C., Steinbach, R., Edwards, P. 2015. Reduced street lighting at night and health: a rapid appraisal of public views in England and Wales.Health place,34, 171-180. Guruswamy, L., Huang, A. M., Haque, M., Tshering, U. 2016. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF CLEAN LIGHTING: Model Law on Lighting for Developing Countries.Denv. J. Int'l L. Pol'y,44, 337-429. Gusmedi, H., Komalasari, E. 2014, December. Feasibility and optimal design of micro-hydro and photovoltaic hybrid system in support to energy independent village. InPower Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICPERE), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 136-139). IEEE. Hlsen, A. V., Koch, S., Huth, T. 2016. Village Power scaling rural electrification in Uganda.Field Actions Science Reports. The journal of field actions, (Special Issue 15), 104-113. Liang, J., Ku, N. C. 2014. LED Roadway Lighting Control Scheme Based on TALQ Protocol. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 1044, pp. 1541-1544). Trans Tech Publications. Rosenberg, M. 2017.Energy embeddedness: how social relationships influence energy usage(Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). Sully, A. 2015. Lighting Concept. InInterior Design: Conceptual Basis(pp. 185-223). Springer International Publishing.

Industrial Relations of China and Australia- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIndustrial Relations of China and Australia forEmployment. Answer: Industrial relations refers to a multidisciplinary field that involves study pertaining to employment relationship. Business Council of Australia has stated that the employers and the employees are involved in conflict and hence for the public interest it is important to regulate it. Industrial relations can help in protecting the employees and controlling of wages which can help in protecting the economy. The main concern of industrial relations is in relation to pay along with that of working conditions. Industrial relations deals with different aspects in relation to the employment relations and it is not solely concerned with that of the unionized workforce (Wang and Cooke 2017). Industrial relations is concerned with employment relationship and the scholarship of industrial relations assumes that there are inherent conflict of interest between that of the employers along with that of the employees. This essay compares and contrasts the industrial relations of the two countries o f Australia and China. Collective bargaining has gained momentum in 2000 that was helped by legal framework along with that of union membership. Collective bargaining in China has started to occur at various levels in relation to the economy and not solely at the enterprise level. The new development has been linked with creation of different forms in relation to trade unions that has been made possible owing to the Trade Union Law that has been revised. Different observers has stated that there are deficiencies pertaining to system of collective bargaining in terms of the bargaining process. Number of Chinese workers who undertake collective agreements has risen at a rapid pace and number of workers who are covered by the aspect of wage agreements has evolved at a slower pace. The Chinese trade officials attach great importance to sectoral bargaining (Bartram et al. 2015). The regional unions can articulate the demands of the workers that is concentrated within the same area. They can act in an independen t manner with their individual employers. The sectoral unions can articulate the demands of the workers within that of the same sector that is within that of the same locality. The workplace Relations Act that is in place in Australia is based on collective agreement and states that the individual along with that of the collective should be treated on equal basis. This act thus completely changed the face of labour law in Australia that laid more emphasis on the aspect of collective bargaining that can provide the employees with a voice in the arena of work. Collective agreements were taken account of in this act but it helped the employers in the introduction of individual contracts. This can seem to be fair but it can prove to be an advantage for the employers who are unscrupulous to frustrate the employees. The Workplace Relations Act in Australia highlighted the rights of the individuals of associating or not associating (Chung 2016). It laid clear that the employees cannot be v ictimised on the basis of union membership. An employer cannot ask the employee to leave union by making any kind of threats. The trade officials of China lay great importance to the aspect of sectoral bargaining and the workplace Relations act that is prevalent in Australia lays emphasis on collective bargaining and collective contracts were made (Chan and Hui 2017). The State has an effect on that of the environment within which industrial relations function. It has an influence on the economy with the help of the different policies in relation to that of spending along with taxation. Chinese labour market does not offer protection to different rights like freedom pertaining to association along with that of right pertaining to the workers of striking. China has not carried out the ratification in relation to International Labour Organization of that of United Nations. What adds to the problem in China is that the labour contracts are not made use of by domestic employers in relation to the local employees (Wen and Lin 2015). The absence of written contracts makes the employees struggle in relation to their employment. It thus makes the workers lose the element of basic human right. The regulation pertaining to dispatch agencies that offers temporary labour has tightened in the recent age and there are some domestic employers who hire that of in dependent service provider in order to avoid these kind of regulations. These kind of loopholes provides incentives to the employers to avoid the law as compliance will lead to higher labour cost. On the other hand in relation to Australian contract of employment the employees have a contract with their employer. The relationship pertaining to the contractual employment persists along with the other statute-based form in relation to employment regulation. The employers and the employees can thus take legal action so that they can enforce the contract (Cheung and Wu 2014). All the workers cannot be deemed to be employees in terms of legal sense. Common law distinguish between the employees along with the independent contractors. The independent contracts cannot avail the benefits pertaining to wrongful termination. The labour contracts are not made use of by the employees in China and the dearth of any kind of written contract compels the employees to struggle (Charlesworth and Macdo nald 2015). Within China, all the trade unions should be affiliated with All-China Federation of that of Trade Union. This organization helps in reporting directly to Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese Enterprise organizations have earned the legal status and they are created for the promotion of reforms within the organization. It can help in improving the management within that of the enterprise and act as liaison between the organization and government. It can offer protection to the legitimate right in relation to the enterprises. The state-owned enterprises in China establishes a trade union and the private business are also asked to establish the trade union. Enterprise revising the internal policies can help in affecting the interest in relation to the employees and the enterprise is supposed to discuss such kind of matters with Employee Representatives Congress (Kaine 2016).The employees are provided with the opportunity to make their proposal and provide the opinion in relation to the process. General Assembly pertaining to the union membership can oversee the work done by trade unions existing at the grass root level. The limited liability companies should have employee representation within Board of Directors. The membership pertaining to Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) grew significantly after the Australian workers Union joined the ACTU. It was not formally affiliated with the Australian Labour Party but it maintains close association along with Australian Labour Party. Union plays a pivotal role pertaining to Australian politics and it represents the factor of organized labour. Australia makes use of an arbitration system that has created interest in various other countries. The system helps in fixing the wages along with that of working conditions fixed by law. The national constitution provides the federal government with right that can help in undertaking conciliation in relation to the industrial disputes. The arbitration system was establishe d in the year 1904 by Conciliation and Arbitration Act which gave birth to Commonwealth Court of Reconciliation. The act states that on the occasion of the dispute not being solved by collective bargaining then the employer can bring the dispute to the court for that of the judicial decision (Shields et al. 2015). It is not that strikes are not allowed but the union in defiance of judicial award can be held under contempt of court. The Chinese Enterprise Organizations can promote reforms within the enterprise and The Australian council of Trade Union represents the factor of organized labour. Reduction of that of the economic distance can create opportunities in relation to employment generation. The increase in per capita income in China is owing to the increase in the level of openness in the world. There are empirical studies that have highlighted on the rise pertaining to inequality in relation to wages. It occurs on account of integration pertaining to the developing countries within that of the world market. Globalisation has affected in a negative manner the employee relations in China. China has a bad record in relation to wage and hours violation that is regulated by the national law. Relevant laws has been introduced by Chinese government for addressing issues related to protection related to labour rights (Jacobi et al. 2017). The labour dispute cases in China is increasing at an alarming rate and with the development of the rights of the employees arbitration cases can be heard in every year. For the interest pertaining to employees of Australia the minimum wa ge is determined with Fair Work Commission. The minimum wage rates are determined on annual basis that can guarantee the Australians their fare share in relation to the income. There are different factors that can help in the determination of minimum wage that includes wage rate for adults, juniors and thecasual loadings. Wealth inequality has developed within Australia but it is lower than Global Financial Crisis. It has been found with the help of research that personal income in relation to the very rich has grown more strongly as compared to rest of the population. Wage inequality exists in China and it also exists within the Australian organizations (Brewster, Mayrhofer and Morley 2016). The working conditions within Australia is conceived to be the best within the world as a contrast to working conditions in China. The Australian industrial relations are governed by the element of high union membership that helps in overlooking the conditions related to employment. They help i n assuring that the working conditions are of great standard. The Conciliation and Arbitration Act encourages the employer associations to recognize the unions and they have strengthened the unions so that the working conditions are good on behalf of the employees (Preston 2018). The number of labour dispute cases are very low within Australia because of the optimal working conditions that are provided to that of the employees. The regulation of conflict in Chinese labour market is done with the help of the three entities- Trade Union, collective consultation and that of tripartite consultation. The workers based on their own initiative do not join union. The management of the companies decides whether the workers should become members pertaining to the union. The workers have to pay 1 % in relation to their salary if they join union. The company is supposed to pay 2 % of total wage to that of the unions. The tripartite consultation committees monitor labour market at both provincial along with that of national level. It acts like that of an advisory committee that can help in the process of targeting active labour market policy (Davies 2018). The Fair Work Commission in Australia sees to it that the interests of the workers are saved and the workers are safeguarded against any kind of harsh conditions. The trade officials within that of China lay great stress on the aspect of that of sectoral bargaining. The regional unions play a major role in articulation of the demand pertaining to that of the workers. Australia lays emphasis on the factor of that of collective bargaining. Collective contracts are made in that of Australia. The dearth of any kind of written contract makes the employees of China struggle. In Australia the employees maintain a contract with that of the employer. The working conditions of the employees in China is dismal as compared to the working conditions in Australia. Fair Work Commission protects the interests of the interests of the workers in Australia. References: Bartram, T., Boyle, B., Stanton, P., Burgess, J. and McDonnell, A., 2015. Multinational enterprises and industrial relations: A research agenda for the 21st century.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(2), pp.127-145. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W. and Morley, M. eds., 2016.New challenges for European resource management. Springer. Chan, C.K.C. and Hui, E.S.I., 2017. Bringing class struggles back: A Marxian analysis of the state and class relations in China.Globalizations,14(2), pp.232-244. Charlesworth, S. and Macdonald, F., 2015. Women, work and industrial relations in Australia in 2014.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(3), pp.366-382. Cheung, M.F. and Wu, W.P., 2014. Leadermember exchange and industrial relations climate: Mediating of participatory management in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,52(2), pp.255-275. Chung, S.W., 2016. Industrial relations (IR) changes in China: a foreign employers perspective.Employee Relations,38(6), pp.826-840. Davies, A., 2018.Industrial relations and new technology. Routledge. Jacobi, O., Jessop, B., Kastendiek, H. and Regini, M. eds., 2017.Technological change, rationalisation and industrial relations(Vol. 3). Taylor Francis. Kaine, S., 2016. Women, work and industrial relations in Australia in 2015.Journal of Industrial Relations,58(3), pp.324-339. Preston, A., 2018.The structure and determinants of wage relativities: evidence from Australia. Routledge. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Wang, T. and Cooke, F.L., 2017. Striking the balance in industrial relations in China? An analysis of court decisions of 897 strike cases (20082015).Journal of Industrial Relations,59(1), pp.22-43. Wen, X. and Lin, K., 2015. Restructuring China's State Corporatist Industrial Relations System: the Wenling experience.Journal of Contemporary China,24(94), pp.665-683.