Integrated design Essay Example for Free

Integrated design Essay The mower in production has a problem which can be solved in multiple ways. The problem is not due to the design inefficiency but due to the diversity of target consumers (the consumers range from owners of flats to owners of four bedroom houses). It is about the length of the flex lead. The problem actually has two parts. The committee was of various opinions. A final decision has to be made regarding this. The second part is that depending on the decision the design and technical aspects are decided. The first problem is a managerial problem. The diversity of opinions can be due to various reasons. The reason for this has to be found out and a conclusion has to be drawn from this. The second part is the design. It depends on the solution of the first part of the problem. Various opinions depend on the nature of the basis on which the opinions are based. Opinions drawn on vague guesses of the nature of the target customers will result in difference in opinions. In this case if there is no statistical data about the percentage of the type of customers then the opinions of each can be different from other. Even if there is a firm statistical data there can be different opinions due to difference in view points. Glass which is half full is half empty. The opinions about this change depending on whether one considers it as half full or half empty. The design of the mower as said before depends on the decision about the length of the flex. The technical issues like surge suppression and earth breaking are to be considered depending on the decision of the board. A decision has to be made regarding the length of the flex lead. A committee can be setup to survey the number of houses which are flats, four bed room houses etc. The percentage of each type of houses is then found. This work can be done either by the company itself or it can be outsourced to some agency or company which has some considerable expertise in this. After categorizing the houses into different categories the houses the length of flex lead required for each type of house should be found. It will be good if a few customers are involved in this and their opinion is taken into consideration regarding the length of the flex lead. The customers will know the specific problems regarding these things which can be a great asset to the company in designing the product. At this point we have percentage of each type of house and the length of the flex required for each type of house. The company can take different courses based on this data. The company can identify the type of houses which form the major percentage of total houses and can design the mower accordingly and sell them. It can produce different type of mowers in amounts corresponding to the number of that type of houses. This depends on the capacity of the company whether it can afford to make different type of mowers or it can only make a single type of mower. The above methods can be used or new technology can be used to solve this problem. A mower with variable flex lead can be designed using new technology to prevent surge suppression and earth breaking. A single mower would cater to the need of every type of house. This would be an innovative solution. The company has to decide upon it course of its action depending the constraints of the company.

Experiment Proving Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (LES) Patients Potassium Chan

In order to understand Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (LES), it is first necessary to have a general understanding of the nervous system. The human nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS. PNS is composed of two basic types of neurons (nerve cells): motor neurons and sensory neurons. Motor neurons, the target of LES, are used to send signals from the CNS to the body to stimulate a reaction. The most important of these reactions when discussing LES are muscle contractions. Sensory neurons move information the other way, from the PNS to the CNS, and bring information about the environment to the brain. The nerve itself is composed of a cell body (called a soma), an axon, and dendrites. Nerves send signals using an electrical charge that is passed from the dendrites,to the axon, then to the next cell. This electrical signal, known as a nerve impulse, is created by the movement of ions. Sodium (Na+) ions migrate into the nerve cell because of stimulation from the central nervous system. This creates a net localized positive charge inside the cell, called an action potential. However, the positive charge degrades as it moves through the cell because the ions will diffuse (and then so will the local charge). The nerve cell has devised a mechanism to keep the magnitude of the charge it receives and then later transmits at a constant value. There are a series of nodes along the axon where there is a high concentration of sodium (Na+) and K+ channels. There is a high concentration of Na+ outside the cell and a high concentration of K+ inside the cell. As the nodes sen... ...nts have fewer active zones, which are also less organized and contain less active zone particles. The active zone particles are essential to the human body, because they are the sites from which neurotransmitters are released. Moreover, the active zones particles include the calcium channels that are fundamental to the release of neurotransmitters. Further research of the calcium channels will help scientists to discover the precise cause and effect of LES which will in turn enable them to treat and perhaps find a cure for this disease. Current treatment techniques include the application of cholinesterase inhibitors, which slow down the degradation of neurotransmitters in the synapse, and 4-diaminopyridine, which block potassium channels and increase acetycholine release. This in turn keeps the presynaptic terminal activated for a longer period of time.

Discuss the Use of an Assessment Tool When Caring for a Child and Their Family

Commentary 1: Discuss the use of an assessment tool when caring for a child and their family In the following commentary I am going to reflect upon what I have learned about conducting the new born baby assessment regularly carried out on the neonatal unit. To write about the new born baby assessment it is important to understand what assessments are, why assessments are important and how this particular assessment is an essential part of nursing. â€Å"Assessment forms the first part of any nursing activity and is the first step in the nursing process.Without a comprehensive assessment of the child and family’s needs, care cannot be planned, delivered or evaluated effectively. † (Great Ormond Street Hospital 2012). Examination of a new born infant allows nurses to assess and monitor a new born baby’s condition and promptly identify any abnormalities in order to treat and give appropriate care as early as possible. It is an important part of overall care contribu ting to the baby’s wellbeing and survival (NNF Teaching Aids: Newborn Care 2010).Over the time I have spent so far on the neonatal unit I have learned about the physical assessment of new born babies and observed the trained staff carrying out these assessments day to day. The assessment of a new born infant involves the checking of several aspects of the baby’s anatomy; the Brain (the control centre for all organs), the Heart (pumps the 80mls of blood around the baby’s body), the Lungs (provides o2 for the body’s organs and muscles), and the Kidneys and Liver (filters toxins out the body to be excreted). These vital organs are the key to the baby’s survival in life.To begin to asses these organs is by examining the skin as this is the easiest organ to view and the examination is non-invasive so therefore should not distress the baby. The skin can be a key indicator of if something is wrong. The nurses and I looked at the colouring, the texture, th e nails, and looked closely for any presence of rashes. The skin regulates body temperature (Ross and Wilson 2010) therefore monitoring a baby’s temperature is an important part of caring for a baby. The skin is also the baby’s first stage of protection from infection forming a barrier between its self the outside environment.The head is another important indicator of what is going on within the baby. We examined the fontanel as this can swell or sink to show signs of dehydration or Hydrocephalus. A dry mouth can also be an indication of Dehydration. During birth the baby’s head can change shape due to the sutures in the skull (as seen in the diagram, Nucleusinc 2010) therefore it was important for us as nurses to check the sutures and the overall shape of the head and look for any bruising or swelling caused by trauma to the skull during birth.It was important to observe and record the baby’s activity eg Agitated, Alert, Active as this will forms the bas eline for further assessments of the baby and could help identify any neurological abnormalities. The next stage of the physical examination was the eyes. A discolouration of the whites of the eyes could be an early indication of Jaundice and be a warning to start treatment. Staring or bloodshot eyes could indicate a raised intracranial pressure or raised a blood pressure.Pre-term babies are often on o2 therefore checking the lung function, the patency of the airway and the o2 delivery method is important in order to maintain o2 saturations above 95%. Having conducted the physical assessment of the baby the digestive system needed to be assessed. This was done by a physical examination of the abdomen and by looking at the method of feeding (Breast, Bottle, NG Tube, OG Tube, JJ Tube, or PEG) and the amount of milk to be administered (amount per day: ml/kg/day times baby’s weight divided by the number of feeds to give in 24 hours).The Neonatal Unit’s policy is for the pr eterm baby is to start them on 60ml/kg/day +30ml per day up to 150ml and for the term baby to give 40ml/kg/day + 20ml per day up to 150ml. After this the doctors take over calculating feed volumes. These feeds are then recorded on a feeding chart and totaled at the end of every 24 hour period to monitor fluid intake. The initial assessment of a new born infant is a complicated process but is vital in providing the best possible care for the baby.The initial assessment acts as a baseline for further care to be compared with. Without an assessment important information and signs may be missed with awful consequences. Although I have observed and assisted with the assessment process I do not yet feel comfortable performing this assessment on my own as I feel I have a lot more to learn so as I don’t miss something or disregard any of my findings as insignificant. References: Boston Children's Hospital (n. d. Assessments for newborn babies. [online] Available at: http://www. child renshospital. org/az/Site600/mainpageS600P1. html [Accessed: 22/07/2012]. | Healthy Babies (1997) Guide for Newborn Physical Assessment, Anticipatory Guidance and Health Teaching. Vermont: Maternal and Child Health Home Visiting Nursing Standards and Competencies. | Macqueen, S. et al. (2012) The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p. 2. NNF Teaching Aids: Newborn Care (2010) Examination of a newborn baby. [online] Available at: http://www. newbornwhocc. org/pdf/teaching-aids/2010/Examinationofanewbornbaby-ENC6. pdf [Accessed: 22/07/2012]. | Nucleusinc (2010) Skull sutures in infants and fetuses. [online] Available at: http://www. nucleusinc. com [Accessed: 22/07/2012]. | Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2010) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 11th ed. Churchill Livingstone, p. 354-358. | Discuss the Use of an Assessment Tool When Caring for a Child and Their Family Commentary 1: Discuss the use of an assessment tool when caring for a child and their family In the following commentary I am going to reflect upon what I have learned about conducting the new born baby assessment regularly carried out on the neonatal unit. To write about the new born baby assessment it is important to understand what assessments are, why assessments are important and how this particular assessment is an essential part of nursing. â€Å"Assessment forms the first part of any nursing activity and is the first step in the nursing process.Without a comprehensive assessment of the child and family’s needs, care cannot be planned, delivered or evaluated effectively. † (Great Ormond Street Hospital 2012). Examination of a new born infant allows nurses to assess and monitor a new born baby’s condition and promptly identify any abnormalities in order to treat and give appropriate care as early as possible. It is an important part of overall care contribu ting to the baby’s wellbeing and survival (NNF Teaching Aids: Newborn Care 2010).Over the time I have spent so far on the neonatal unit I have learned about the physical assessment of new born babies and observed the trained staff carrying out these assessments day to day. The assessment of a new born infant involves the checking of several aspects of the baby’s anatomy; the Brain (the control centre for all organs), the Heart (pumps the 80mls of blood around the baby’s body), the Lungs (provides o2 for the body’s organs and muscles), and the Kidneys and Liver (filters toxins out the body to be excreted). These vital organs are the key to the baby’s survival in life.To begin to asses these organs is by examining the skin as this is the easiest organ to view and the examination is non-invasive so therefore should not distress the baby. The skin can be a key indicator of if something is wrong. The nurses and I looked at the colouring, the texture, th e nails, and looked closely for any presence of rashes. The skin regulates body temperature (Ross and Wilson 2010) therefore monitoring a baby’s temperature is an important part of caring for a baby. The skin is also the baby’s first stage of protection from infection forming a barrier between its self the outside environment.The head is another important indicator of what is going on within the baby. We examined the fontanel as this can swell or sink to show signs of dehydration or Hydrocephalus. A dry mouth can also be an indication of Dehydration. During birth the baby’s head can change shape due to the sutures in the skull (as seen in the diagram, Nucleusinc 2010) therefore it was important for us as nurses to check the sutures and the overall shape of the head and look for any bruising or swelling caused by trauma to the skull during birth.It was important to observe and record the baby’s activity eg Agitated, Alert, Active as this will forms the bas eline for further assessments of the baby and could help identify any neurological abnormalities. The next stage of the physical examination was the eyes. A discolouration of the whites of the eyes could be an early indication of Jaundice and be a warning to start treatment. Staring or bloodshot eyes could indicate a raised intracranial pressure or raised a blood pressure.Pre-term babies are often on o2 therefore checking the lung function, the patency of the airway and the o2 delivery method is important in order to maintain o2 saturations above 95%. Having conducted the physical assessment of the baby the digestive system needed to be assessed. This was done by a physical examination of the abdomen and by looking at the method of feeding (Breast, Bottle, NG Tube, OG Tube, JJ Tube, or PEG) and the amount of milk to be administered (amount per day: ml/kg/day times baby’s weight divided by the number of feeds to give in 24 hours).The Neonatal Unit’s policy is for the pr eterm baby is to start them on 60ml/kg/day +30ml per day up to 150ml and for the term baby to give 40ml/kg/day + 20ml per day up to 150ml. After this the doctors take over calculating feed volumes. These feeds are then recorded on a feeding chart and totaled at the end of every 24 hour period to monitor fluid intake. The initial assessment of a new born infant is a complicated process but is vital in providing the best possible care for the baby.The initial assessment acts as a baseline for further care to be compared with. Without an assessment important information and signs may be missed with awful consequences. Although I have observed and assisted with the assessment process I do not yet feel comfortable performing this assessment on my own as I feel I have a lot more to learn so as I don’t miss something or disregard any of my findings as insignificant. References: Boston Children's Hospital (n. d. Assessments for newborn babies. [online] Available at: http://www. child renshospital. org/az/Site600/mainpageS600P1. html [Accessed: 22/07/2012]. | Healthy Babies (1997) Guide for Newborn Physical Assessment, Anticipatory Guidance and Health Teaching. Vermont: Maternal and Child Health Home Visiting Nursing Standards and Competencies. | Macqueen, S. et al. (2012) The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p. 2. NNF Teaching Aids: Newborn Care (2010) Examination of a newborn baby. [online] Available at: http://www. newbornwhocc. org/pdf/teaching-aids/2010/Examinationofanewbornbaby-ENC6. pdf [Accessed: 22/07/2012]. | Nucleusinc (2010) Skull sutures in infants and fetuses. [online] Available at: http://www. nucleusinc. com [Accessed: 22/07/2012]. | Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2010) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 11th ed. Churchill Livingstone, p. 354-358. |

Diversity in Law Enforcement Essay - 926 Words

Final Paper Diversity in law enforcement has grown to become a hot topic within the law enforcement community. The demographic of society has changed dramatically over the last 20 years and with that law enforcement has been changing, but have they been changing enough? Different law enforcement agencies have their own ways of implementing diversity in their practices and procedures, some of them are better than others, but with issues that happen today it is important that they do something. There have been major incidents in our generation that have caused the need for diversity reform in law enforcement. The biggest incident was the attacks on the United States of America that occurred on September 11th, 2001. The attacks that†¦show more content†¦Following this African-Americans were always treated as unequal to the white male. They were segregated and found it utterly impossible to gain any ground in society. How could they? African Americans rarely got the opportunity to get an education or have a good job. Hate crimes have continued to be a very real issue for African Americans. According to civilrights.org â€Å"Despite the election of our nations first African-American President, African Americans remain by far the most frequent victims of hate crimes†¦On election night in 2008, Ralph Nicoletti and Michael Contreas, both 18, and Brian Carranza 21, of Staten Island, New York decided shortly after learning of Barrack Obama’s election victory to find African Americans to assault†¦The men drove to a predominantly African American neighborhood in Staten Island where they came upon a 17 year old African American who was walking home after watching the election at a friends house. One of the men in the car yelled â€Å"Obama† Then, the men got out of the car and beat the youth with a metal pipe and collapsible police baton, injuring his head and legs. The men went on to commit additional assaults that night.† (civilrights.org) Again, here is another prime exam ple of why it is important to reform diversity in law enforcement and think of creative ways to educate and police these communities. There are some law enforcement agencies that are taking a proactive approach by implementing diversity trainingShow MoreRelatedCultural Diversity And Law Enforcement Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesty Cultural Diversity and Law Enforcement Brittany N. George Alabama State University MSW Dr. Lang-Lindsey Abstract Over the last two years in the United States the African-American people have been fighting a war within our own backyards. The Washington Post reports that since January 2015, the police have shot and killed over 175 young black men ranging from ages 18-29; 24 of them were unarmed. On the flip side 172 young white men were killed, only 18 being unarmed. 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